Contents

Preface Deng Fuquan and Yang Zaizhong

Chapter One Ancient Society of Tibet

Section One Origin of the Tibetan People and the Development of Tibet by Ancient Tibetans

1. The Rising of the Tibetan Land-Mass and the Formation of Its natural Environment

2. Origin of the Tibetan Ethnic Group and the Distribution of Its Population

3. The Development of Tibet by Ancestors of Various Ethnic Groups

Section Two Tibet Before the Establishment of the Tubo Regime

1. The Blending of the Qiang and Tibetan Tribes at the Turn of the Qin to Han Dynasties

2. Tibetan Tribes in the Period of the Wei, the Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties

3. The Rise of the Pugyal Tribe in the Yarlung Valley

4. The Rise and Fall of the bon Religion, the primitive Religion of Tibet

Chapter Two The Tubo Dynasty of The Tibetan Slave-owning System

Section one The Establishment of the Tubo Dynasty

1. Songtsen Gampo Unifies Tibet

2. Tubo Makes Rasa Its Capital

3. Economic Prosperity of the Tubo

Section Two Relations Between the Tubo and the Tang

1. Tang-Tubo Marriage Alliances and Princess Wencheng's Going to Tibet

2. The Expansion of the Tubo and the War Between the Tang and Tubo

3. Tang-Tubo Peace Pledge, Setting of the Boundary Line and Friendly Relations

Section Three The decline of the Tubo Dynasty and the Rise of Buddhism in Tibet

1. The Fall of the Tubo Dynasty

2. Separatist Regimes in Tibet During the song and Liao Dynasties

3. Formation of the Various Sects of Tibetan Buddhism

Chapter Three The Merging of Tibet Into China in The Yuan Dynasty And the Establishment of Feudal Serf System

Section One The Yuan Government Merges Tibet into China

1. Tibet Gives Allegiance to the Mongolian Khanate

2. The Merging of Tibet into China

Section Two the Administration of Tibet by the Yuan government

1. The Establishment of Xuanzheng-yuan

2. The Establishment of the System of Imperial Preceptor

3. The Administrative Divisions of Tibet

4. The Relationship Between the sakya local Regime and the Yuan Government

Section Three Feudal Serfdom of Tibet During the Yuan Period

1. The Establishment of the Feudal Serfdom

2. Economic Features of  Tibetan Feudal Serfdom

3. Economic and Cultural Exchanges Between the Hans, Mongols and Tibetans During the Yuan Dynasty

Chapter Four The Tibetan Areas In the Ming And Early Qing Dynasties

Section one Ming government's Administration of the Tibetan Areas

1. Establishment of an Administrative System over the Tibetan Areas in China by the Ming Government

2. The Tibetan Policy of the Ming Court

3. The Succession of the Tibetan Phagmodrupa (Desi) Local Regime

4. Apogee of the Tibetan Serf Economy and The Exchange of Tibetan Horses for Han Tea

Section Two The Reign and Administrative Reform of the Early qing Dynasty in Tibet

1. The Establishment and cosnolidation of the Qing's Rule over Tibet

2. The gurkhas' Invasions and the Tibetans' Counterattack

3. Administrative Reforms Carried Out in Tibet by the Qing government

4. Strengthening of Tibet's Border Defense

Section Three The Rise of the Gelug Sect in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

1. The Establishment of the Gelug Sect by Tsongkhapa

2. The Establishment of the Dalai Lama Lineage and confirmation by the Central Government

3. The Establishment of the Panchen Lama Lineage and confirmation by the Central Government

4. The Influence Exerted by the Gelug sect over Tibetan Society

Chapter Five Tibetan people stand Against Western Powers'  Invasion

Section One The Invasion of  Western Influences and the Opening of Tibet's Door

1. Western Powers' Invasion of the countries Sough of the Himalayas

2. The First-Phase Invasion of Tibet by Western Powers

3. The Fatuous Qing Court and The Opening of the Gate of Tibet

4. Britain and Russia Contend over Tibet

Section Two The Tibetans' First Struggle Against the British Invasion

1. British-Indian Aggressive Forces Deliberately Cause Border Disputes

2. Tibetan Soldiers and civilians Heroically fight Back on Mount Lengtu

3. Two Unequal Treaties Signed

Section Three The Tibetans' Second Struggle Against the British Invasion

1. Tibet's Lax border Defense and the British Scheme to Split Tibet

2. The Battle of Gyangze and the fall of Lhasa

Section Four new Qing Policies Toward The end of the Qing Dynasty and the Bankruptcy of the British Plot to Split Tibet

1. Qing Government's New Policies for the Administration of Tibet

2. The Qing Government Makes Arrangements for Implementing the New Policies

3. British Scheme to Split Tibet and the Dalai Lama's Exile

4. The Qing Government's Influence in Tibet Withers Away

Chapter Six Tibet Under Semi-colonial Status in the Period of The republic of China

Section One The Beiyang government's Rule in Tibet During the Early Period of the Republic of China

1. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's "Republicanism of Five Ethnic Groups" and the Tibetan Situation During the Early Period of the Republic of China

2. Beiyang Government Army's Expedition to Tibet and the Wars on the Sichuan Border

3. The Simla Conference and the position of the Beiyang Government

Section Two The National Government's Administration over Tibet

1. The Establishment of the Commission of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs and the Resident Tibet office in Nanjing

2. The National government's Handling of the Civil War Between Xikang and Tibet

3. The national government's mediation of the contradictions Between the Dalai and Panchen Factions

4. The National Government's Resistance Against British and American Activities to Split Tibet from China

Section Three Anti-Imperialist and Anti-Feudal Struggle of the Tibetan People in the New-Democratic Revolution

1. The Red Army passes Through Tibetan Areas and Its Influence

2. Role of Tibetan Soldiers and People in the Movement Against Japanese Invasion and for National Salvation

3. Tibetan People's Struggle Against the serf System

Chapter Seven Peaceful Liberation and Birth of New Tibet

Section One Peaceful Liberation of Tibet

1. The Founding of New China Opens the Path to the Liberation of the Tibetan People

2. Imperialists' Plot to Obstruct the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet

3. Conclusion of the "Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet"

4. The People's Liberation Army Enters Tibet

Section Two Democratic Reform and the Steady Development of Tibet

1. The Central People's Government's Principle of " Exercising Prudence and Making Steady Progress"

2. Victory of Quelling the Armed Rebellion

3. The Launching of the Democratic Reform

4. Counterattack in Self-defense on the Sino-Indian Border

Section Three The Realization of Regional National Minorities Autonomy in Tibet

1. The Policy of Regional National Minorities Autonomy of the Communist Party of China

2. Official Establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region

3. The Training of Tibetan Cadres

4.Implementation of Various Policies Concerning Regional National Minorities Autonomy

Section Four Struggle for a Socialist new Tibet

1. The Tibetan People Embark on the Socialist Road

2. The Tibetan People Cure the Wounds Made by the "Cultural Revolution"

3. The Reform and Opening in Tibet

4. New Economical and Social Developments in Tibet and Their Prospects

Postscript

Appendices

1. A Sketch map of Tibet in the Yuan Dynasty

2. A Sketch Map of Tibet in the Period of the Republic of China

3. A Sketch Map of the Tibet Autonomous Region

4. The Dalai Lams

5. The Panchen Erdenis