Wei Syndrome
痿 证
Lectured by Prof Engin CAN/Enqin Zhang
Senior Consultant and Prof in Chinese Medicine
Chief Author of A Practical-English Library of TCM-14 Books
Manager and Chief Dr of EVERWELL Chinese Medical Centre
London Clinic 7, 36 Gerrard Street, W1D 5QA
(This handout is for year 4 of TCM students of Middlesex University)
E-mail: prof.engincan@hotmail.co.uk
Lecturing Date& Time: Thursday, 11/12/2008 at 1.30-4.30pm
Lecturing Address: Middlesex University Archway Campus, London, the U.K.
‘Wei’ 痿in Chinese means flaccidity. In TCM ‘Wei Syndrome’ refers to a syndrome marked by
muscular flaccidity or atrophy of the limbs with motor impairment. Clinically, Wei
syndrome may manifest as just weakness of the limbs at the beginning, and then eventually
leading to muscular flaccidity and atrophy of the limbs.
In Western medicine, Wei Syndrome covers many conditions such as sequelae of
encephalitis, spinal cord trauma, muscular atrophy due to polio, multiple sclerosis (MS)and tumours in the CNS, etc.
Though there is no certain curing therapy for most types of Wei syndrome today in both
Western medicine and TCM, I still introduce basic theory and some experience in treating
Wei Syndrome with acupuncture and herbal medicine.
Dear students, perhaps you will be the one to discover a new therapy for our patients with
Wei syndrome in near future.
Aetiology and Pathology
According to TCM theory, Wei Syndrome can be caused by either external or internal
factors.
1) Heat in the lung: Wei syndrome was first described in The Chapter 44 Wei Syndrome in
Plain Questions素问 of Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine 黄帝内经(475-221BC). It says ‘when the lung is invaded by a heat pathogen, exhausting body fluids, the lobes
of the lung become atrophied - a dry Wei condition,….when the heat lingers chronically, paralysis of extremities results.’ That is either external
pathogenic heat invades the lung or excessive internal heat accumulates in the lung. Both
can damage the lung-yin
and the body fluids, resulting in malnourishment of muscles and tendons, which may
develop into muscular flaccidity and even atrophy of the limbs, as a result Wei syndrome
takes place.
2)Dampness and heat in the body: the Chapter 44 Wei Syndrome in Plain Questions
素问of Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine黄帝内经 states that ‘if one person is exposed to damp pathogen over a period of time, the muscles
will be invaded by dampness. This condition causes local numbness, muscle flaccidity i.e.
Wei syndrome. According to the Xia Jing (Canon of Xia Dynasty) 夏经 , Wei condition is always caused by exposure to environmental dampness.’ From the
above and clinical experience, we can understand that Wei syndrome is caused by external
pathogenic dampness or with heat invading the body, which can damage the meridians and
the body fluid, the muscles and tendons can not be nourished properly.
However, it can also be caused by internal pathogenic dampness and heat accumulated
in the body because of excessive intake of greasy or hot foods, leading to stagnation of qi
and blood in the meridians, so there is not enough body fluids, qi and blood to supply the
muscles and tendons. Eventually this condition may develop into muscular flaccidity or
atrophy of limbs, and Wei syndrome occurs.
3)Deficiency of the liver and kidney: TCM believes that the liver stores blood, and the
kidney stores life essence, the blood and essence supply and nourish all the tissues including
muscles and tendons. Prolonged illness or indulgent sexual activities can cause excessive loss
of blood and essence thus resulting in deficiency and inability to nourish the tendons, muscles,
bones and meridians, therefore Wei syndrome may occur. According to Chapter 44 Wei
Syndrome in Plain Questions素问 of Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine黄帝内经, ‘Wei syndrome of paralysis of the ligament is caused by a liver disorder, it is the result
of over indulgence in sex and depletion of the kidney-essence.’
4) Deficiency of qi and blood: in most TCM books, the deficiency of qi and blood is not
considered as a main factor to cause Wei Syndrome, but from our experience it is a very
important factor and also a common clinical pattern of Wei Syndrome, some chronic cases
in particular. It generally results from deficiency of the spleen and stomach or improper
diet, which causes the deficiency of qi and blood, leading to malnutrition of the muscles
and tendons, and then Wei syndrome takes place.
5)Trauma: it can directly cause injury of tissues including muscles, tendons and bones as
well as meridians, resulting in blood stasis and qi stagnation. Muscles and tendons are not
nourished properly, the meridians are not functioning normally, marked by numbness and
inability, therefore Wei syndrome comes into being.
Differential Diagnosis
Wei syndrome can be classified as 5 patterns clinically:
1) Heat in the lung: it may manifest as fever, coughing with yellow sputum, irritability,
dryness in the throat, thirst, dry stool and scanty urination at beginning, then gradually
developing into muscular flaccidity of the lower limbs with motor impairment, red
tongue with yellow fur and rapid and slippery pulse.
2) Damp-heat in the body: muscular flaccidity of the legs with warmth and a sensation of
general heaviness of the whole body or accompanied by oedema , a full feeling in the
chest and gastric region, yellow and dark urination with burning sensation, red tongue
with yellow and greasy fur, soft and rapid pulse.
3) Deficiency of the liver and the kidney: this type of Wei syndrome is mostly seen in
elderly people. Typically symptoms are muscular flaccidity of the limbs come on slowly,
a mild to moderate amount of motor weakness in the legs, accompanied with soreness
and weakness of the loin and knees, dizziness and blurring of vision, impotence or
seminal emission, light red tongue with less fur, thready and rapid pulse.
4)Deficiency of qi and blood: muscular flaccidity or atrophy of the limbs with motor
impairment, marked by lassitude , listlessness, short breath, weak voice, sweating on
slight exertion, dizziness, palpitation, pale tongue with white thin fur, and weak pulse.
5) Trauma damage: the patient had a history of trauma, manifested as flaccidity or
paralysis of the limbs, or accompanied with incontinence of urination and defecation,
dark purplish tongue with white thin fur, and astringent pulse.
Diagnosis in Western Medicine
Clinically there are 2 diseases which are often diagnosed and treated as a Wei Syndrome
in TCM.
1) Polio脊髓灰质炎: The full name of polio is poliomyelitis, or called infantile paralysis, it is a viral paralytic
disease. The virus – poliovirus (PV) enters the body orally, infecting the intestinal lining,
which
may proceed to the blood stream and into the central nervous system causing
weakness and even paralysis. It has declined rapidly sincethe introduction of an oral polio
vaccine in the 1960s. According to research, approximately 4-8% of polio infections
consist of a minor, non-specific illness without clinical or laboratory evidence of central
nervous system invasion. Clinically, there might be 3 syndromes observed with the
above form of polio infection, manifested as upper respiratory tract infection symptoms
such as sore throat and fever; or gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, constipation or rarely diarrhoea; or symptoms of influenza-like illness.
Polio can be diagnosed by laboratory tests including viral isolation, serology and
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), etc.
2)Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 多发性硬化: It is a chronic neurological disease that involves the central nervous system specially
the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves, causing the problems with muscle control and
strength, vision, balance, sensation and mental functions. The most common early
symptoms include muscle weakness, leg dragging, stiffness, a tendency to drop things,
heaviness of feeling, clumsiness or lack of coordination; and visual symptoms such as
blurred,
foggy or hazy vision, eyeball pain, blindness or double vision. Additionally,
there are sensory] symptoms such as tingling, ‘pins and needles’, numbness, a band like
tightness around the trunk or limbs, etc. Further diagnostic tests are also needed such as an
MRI Scan, a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), evoked potentials, etc. to confirm the diagnosis.
TCM Treatments:
1. Acupuncture
According to the Chapter 44 Wei Syndrome in Plain Questions素问 of Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Internal Medicine黄帝内经, the main acupoints for the treatment of Wei syndrome should be selected from the
Yangming Meridian, it says that ‘When treating Wei syndrome, doctor should target
Yangming Meridian,…..as Yangming is the source of nourishing for all the zang-fu internal viscera, only with this nourishment can the tendons, bones, and joints be l
ubricated.’ However, I think that it is just one of TCM therapies, we should select more
acupoints from other meridians as well.
Basic Acupoints:
Upper limbs:
Erjian (LI 2)
Sanjian (LI 3)
Hegu (LI 4)
Waiguan (SJ 5)
Shousanli (LI 10)
Quchi (LI 11)
Binao (LI 14)
Janyu (LI 15)
Lower limbs:
Taichong (Liv 3)
Jiexi (S 41)
Fenglong (S 40)
Zusanli (S 36)
Yanglingquan (G 34)
Xuehai (Sp 10)
Biguan (S 31)
Futu (S 32)
Supplementary Acupoints:
For heat in the lung, add,
Chize (L 5)
Kongzui (L 6)
Yuji (L 10)
Shaoshang (L 11)
For damp-heat in the body, add,
Sanyinjiao (Sp 6)
Yinlingquan (Sp 9)
Pishu (B 20)
Sanjiaoshu (B 22)
For deficiency of the liver and kidney, add,
Xingjian (Liv 2)
Ligou (Liv 5)
Taixi (K 3)
Fuliu (K 7)
For deficiency of qi and blood, add ,
Xinshu (B15)
Feishu (B 13)
Pishu (B 20)
Weishu (B 21)
For trauma damage, add,
Huatuojiaji (Extra 15) points at the corresponding level of spinal injuries.
For incontinence of urination, add,
Zhongji (Ren 3)
Guanyuan (Ren 4)
Qihai (Ren 6)
Shenshu (B 23)
Pangguangshu (B 28)
For incontinence of defecation, add ,
Tianshu(S 25)
Dachangshu (B 25)
Ciliao (B 32)
Baihui (Du 20)
Method: select 10-20 acupoints for each treatment according to the location of muscular flaccidity.
For heat in the lung and damp-heat in the body, the reducing method is advisable;
For deficiency of the liver and kidney, the reinforcing method should be applied;
For trauma damage, strong stimulation should be used.
Our experience shows that for all the above types, during acupuncture treatments, we
may also connect the needles with electronic acupuncture treatment instrument such as
BMZ-I Nerve and Muscle Stimulator which is more effective for some muscular
flaccidity conditions.
2. Herbal Therapy
1) Heat in the lung
Therapeutic principle: clearing away heat from the lung to restore functions of the limbs.
Formula: Modified Qing Zao Jiu Fei Tang/Decoction for Clearing Dryness to Save
the Lung/清燥救肺汤。
Source: Yi Men Fa Lu /Principle and Prohibition for Medical Profession 医门法律, by Dr Yu Chang, in 1658.
Ingredients:
Dongsangye (Folium Mori) 冬桑叶 10g
Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum (decocted first) 石膏15g
Renshen (Radix Ginseng) 人参3g
Maimendong (Radix ophiopogonis) 麦门冬10g
Xingren (Semen Pruni Armeniacae) 杏仁9g
Mudanpi (Cortex Moutan Radicis) 牡丹皮9g
Xuanshen (Radix Scrophulariae) 玄参10g
Zhimu (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae) 知母9g
Lianqiao (Fructus Forsythiae) 连翘10g
Gualou (Fructus Trichosanthis) 瓜篓15g
Huangqi (Radix Astragali) 黄芪20g
Directions: All the above herbs should be mixed and decocted in water for 20-30 minutes to make a decoction, and finally take the decoction orally, half in the
morning and the other half in the evening.
2) Damp-heat in the body
Therapeutic principle: clear away dampness and heat to restore functions of the limbs.
Formula: Modified Er Miao San/ Powder of Two Wonderful Ingredients 二妙散
Source: Dan Xi Xin Fa/ Danxi’s Experiential Therapy 丹溪心法, by Dr Zhu Danxi, in 1481.
Ingredients:
Yiyiren (Semen Coicis) 薏苡仁20g
Cangzhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis) 苍术10g
Huangbai (Cortex Phellodendri) 黄柏10g
Niuxi (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) 牛膝12g
Fuling (Poria) 茯苓10g
Bixie (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae) 萆解12g
Chishao (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) 石膏10g
Gancao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) 甘草 9g
Huangqi (Radix Astragali) 黄芪 20g
Directions: All the above herbs should be mixed and decocted in water for 20-30 minutes to make a decoction, and finally take the decoction orally, half in the
morning and the other half in the evening.
3) Deficiency of the liver and the kidney
Therapeutic principle: nourishing the liver and the kidney to restore movements of limbs.
Formula: Modified Hu Qian Wan/ Delitescent Tiger Pill虎潜丸。
Source: Dan Xi Xin Fa /Danxi’s Experiential Therapy 丹溪心法, by Dr Zhu Danxi, in 1481.
Ingredients:
Huangbai (Cortex Phellodendri) 黄柏9g
Chaozhimu (Rhizoma Anemarrhenae Praeparatae) 炒知母9g
Shudihuang (Rhizoma Rehmaniae Praeparatae) 熟地黄15g
Chenpi (Pericarpium Citri reticulatae) 陈皮9g
Baishaoyao (Radix Paeoniae Alba) 白芍药15g
Suoyang (Herba Cynomorii) 锁阳10g
Ganjiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis) 干姜9g
Huangqi (Radix Astragali) 黄芪20g
Danggui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) 当归10g
Niuxi (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) 牛膝9g
Directions: All the above herbs should be mixed and decocted in water for 20-30 minutes to make a decoction, and finally take the decoction orally, half in the morning
and the other half in the evening.
4) Deficiency of qi and blood
Therapeutic principle: invigorating qi and nourishing blood to restore the movements of limbs.
Formula: Shi Quan Da Bu Tang/Pill of Ten Powerful Tonics 十全大补丸。
Source: Taiping Hui-Min He Ji Jiu Fang太平惠民和剂局方, by Tai Ping Hui-Min Ju
太平惠民局(Public Welfare Pharmacy Bureau in Chinese Song Dynasty in AD 1200.
Ingredients:
Danggui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) 当归10g
Chuanxiong (Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong) 川芎 9g
Baishaoyao (Radix Paeoniae Alba) 白芍药10g
Shudihuang (Rhizoma Rhemanniae Praeparatae) 熟地黄15g
Renshen (Radix Ginseng) 人参6g
Baizhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae) 白术10g
Fuling (Poria) 茯苓9g
Zhigancao (Radix Glycyrrhizae Praeparatae) 炙甘草9g
Huangqi (Radix Astragali) 黄芪20g
Rougui (Cortex Cinnamomi) 肉桂9g
Shengjiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens) 生姜2 slices
Dazao (Fructus Ziziphi Jujubae) 大枣 3 pieces
Directions: All the above herbs should be mixed and decocted in water for 25-30 minutes to make a decoction, and finally take the decoction orally, half in the morning
and the other half in the evening. Or take pills, 8 pills each time, 3 times a day, continue
to take it for 3-6 months.
5) Trauma damage
Therapeutic principle: removing blood stasis to restore the movements of the limbs.
Formula: Modified Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang/ Decoction for Invigorating Yang and
Recuperation 补阳还五汤。
Source: Yi Lin Gai Cuo/ Corrections on of Errors among Physicians 医林改错, by Dr Wang Qingren, in 1830.
Ingredients:
Shenghuangqi (Radix Astragali seu Hedysari) 生黄芪20g
Danggui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis) 当归10g
Chishaoyao (Radix Paeoniae Rubra) 赤芍药10g
Chuanxiong (Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong) 川芎10g
Honghua (Flos Carthami) 红花9g
Taoren (Semen Persicae) 桃仁9g
Xuduan (Radix Dipsaci) 续断10g
Duzhong (Cortex Eucommiae) 杜仲 10g
Niuxi (Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae) 牛膝10g
Directions: All the above herbs should be mixed and decocted in water for 20-30 minutes, then to be taken orally, half in the morning and the other half in the evening.
Life Style and Dietary Advice
1. Regulating emotions
Patients with Wei syndrome are susceptible to depressive emotions such as pessimism,
melancholia and impetuosity due to their disabilities. For adults, it is advisable for them
to select proper psychological health preservation methods, such as calligraphy, painting,
playing the guitar, etc; for children and juveniles, we should encourage them to play with
toys, which encourages the rehabilitation of the limbs with muscular flaccidity as well as
regulates emotion.
2. Health exercises
Some health exercises are helpful for patients with Wei syndromes, for those with
flaccidity of upper limbs, we may suggest writing Chinese or Japanese characters,
playing catch or knitting etc; for those with flaccidity of lower limbs, learning to ride a
tricycle or other leg exercises.
3. Dietary therapy
For patients with flaccidity marked by deficiency of the liver and the kidney, the
following formula may help: Dry 300 g of cattle bone marrow over a fire and grind
it into powder. Parch 300 g of black sesame until they smell fragrant and grind it into
a powder. Then add a little sugar to the powder (to taste) and mix and stir the types
of powder evenly, take 9g, 2 times a day. For patients with flaccidity manifested as
deficiency of qi and blood, we can ask them to eat Hen Stewed with
Danggui
(Radix Angelicae Sinensis. For patients with flaccidity of blood stasis type, they
could try Peach Kernel Gruel, etc.
Notes: New Developments in TCM and Western Medicine:
1. Herbal Medicine:
Brand Name: Fu Kang Ning/ Jixuecao Zongdai Pian (积雪草总甙), English and Latin Names: Centella , Asiatic centella /Herba Centellae ,
produced in Shanghai, it can relieve symptoms.
2. Interferon Therapy for MS:
Interferon (干扰素)is a protein that occurs naturally in the body in very small amounts.
It also be made as a drug for MS. There are 3 main types: Alpha, beta, and gamma.
Brand Name: Avonex (U.S., Canada)
Chemical Name: Interferon beta -1a
This medication is taken by subcutaneous injection.
Another Brand Name:
Brand Name: Rebif.
Chemical Name: Interferon beta -1a
Note: It has been approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Proper Usage: Rebif is given 3 times, a week, subcutaneously
(between the fat layer just under the skin and muscles).
Start at 8.8 mcg,3
times a week, gradually increase over 4-week period to the 44 mcg
dose in order to reduce the side effects.
Two New Oral Usage of Interferon:
1. Interferon beta -1b (IFN-beta-1b, Betaseron, 025mg, every other day.
2. Interferon beta 1 a (IFN-beta-la, Avonex, 30 mcg, once /week.
Functions: to inhibit release of IFN gamma & tumour necrosis factor and partially
restore suppressor cell function and attenuate disease activity.
Notes: All the above can be prescribed only by Western doctors in the U.K.
References:
1. The Medical Classic of the Yellow Emperor (English edition), Translated
by Dr Ming Zhu, published by Foreign Language Press, in 2001, 2005.
2. Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulae &Strategies, by Dr Dan Bensky& Dr.
Randall Barolet, published by Eastland Press, U.S.A in 1990.
3. A Practical English-Chinese Library of TCM, by Prof Enqin Zhang(Engin CAN), published by Shanghai TCM University Press in
April 1990; March, 1999.
Notes: For more information, please ring me on 07846193488; or Google-Enqin Zhang
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